The textbook Isico Approach to Spinal Deformities

8 - References

1. ICF- Classificazione Internazionale del Funzionamento, della Disabilità e della Salute Ed. Geneva, Switzerland: Wolrld Health Organizzation, 2001.

2. Aebi M. The adult scoliosis. Eur Spine J 2005;14:925-48.

3. Ascani E, Bartolozzi P, Logroscino CA, et al. Natural history of untreated idiopathic scoliosis after skeletal maturity. Spine 1986;11:784-9.

4. Asher MA, Burton DC. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: natural history and long term treatment effects. Scoliosis 2006;1:2.

5. Aubin CE, Dansereau J, de Guise JA, et al. Rib cage-spine coupling patterns involved in brace treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 1997;22:629-35.

6. Aufdermaur M, Spycher M. Pathogenesis of osteochondrosis juvenilis Scheuermann. J Orthop Res 1986;4:452-7.

7. Bell DF, Ehrlich MG, Zaleske DJ. Brace treatment for symptomatic spondylolisthesis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1988:192-8.

8. Blanda J, Bethem D, Moats W, et al. Defects of pars interarticularis in athletes: a protocol for nonoperative treatment. J Spinal Disord 1993;6:406-11.

9. Blount W, Moe J. The Milwaukee Braceed. Baltimore: The William and Wilkins Company, 1973.

10. Blount WP, Schmidt A. The Milwaukee brace in the treatment of scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg 1957;37:693.

11. Bortz WM, 2nd. The disuse syndrome. West J Med 1984;141:691-4.

12. Bradford DS. Juvenile Kyphosis. In Bradford DS, Lonstein JE, Ogilvie JW, et al. eds. Moe's Textbook of scoliosis and other spinal deformities. 3rd Edition ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1995:349-67.

13. Braun JT, Hoffman M, Akyuz E, et al. Mechanical modulation of vertebral growth in the fusionless treatment of progressive scoliosis in an experimental model. Spine 2006;31:1314-20.

14. Brooks VB. Motor control. How posture and movements are governed. Phys Ther 1983;63:664-73.

15. Bunch W, Patwardhan A. Scoliosis Making Clinical Decisions Ed. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby Company, 1989.

16. Bunnell WP. Selective screening for scoliosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2005:40-5.

17. Calza A, Tognolo M. Il trattamento chinesiologico del dorso curvo.ed. Villaverla (VI),: PPS, 1999.

18. Camart N, Andre C, Trybou V, et al. [Short-term effects of a cognitive-behavioural group therapy in social phobia: evaluation of sixty patients]. Encephale 2006;32:1011-8.

19. Castro FP, Jr. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, bracing, and the Hueter-Volkmann principle. Spine J 2003;3:180-5.

20. Caton J, Diana G, Jarousse Y, et al. Les orthéses. In Paris EsF- ed. La scoliose idiopathique: Michel, CR - Dubousset, J., 1986.

21. Charrière L, Roy J. Kinésithérapie des déviations antéro-postérieures du rachis et de l'épiphysite vertébraleed. Paris: Masson Ed, 1975.

22. Cheatle MD, Gallagher RM. Chronic pain and comorbid mood and substance use disorders: a biopsychosocial treatment approach. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2006;8:371-6.

23. Cheneau J. Corset-Cheneau. Manuel d'Orthopèdie des scolioses suivant la technique originale ed. Paris: Frison Roche, 1994.

24. Cheneau J. Das Cheneau-Korsett. Ein Handbuched. Dortmund: Orthopadie Technik, 1993.

25. Cheung KM, Cheng EY, Chan SC, et al. Outcome assessment of bracing in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis by the use of the SRS-22 questionnaire. Int Orthop 2006.

26. Chong K, Letts R, Cumming G. Influence of spinal curvature on movement capacity. J Pediatr Orthop 1981;1:251-4.

27. Climent JM, Sanchez J. Impact of the type of brace on the quality of life of Adolescents with Spine Deformities. Spine 1999;24:1903-8.

28. Cobb J. Outline for the study of scoliosis. Instructional Course Lectures 1948;5:241-75.

29. Cristallo V, Sibilla P. [Notes on kinesiotherapy in idiopathic scoliosis]. Clin Ter 1966;38:501-11.

30. D'Amato CR, Griggs S, McCoy B. Nighttime bracing with the Providence brace in adolescent girls with idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 2001;26:2006-12.

31. Danielsson AJ, Cederlund CG, Ekholm S, et al. The prevalence of disc aging and back pain after fusion extending into the lower lumbar spine. A matched MR study twenty-five years after surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Acta Radiol 2001;42:187-97.

32. Danielsson AJ, Wiklund I, Pehrsson K, et al. Health-related quality of life in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a matched follow-up at least 20 years after treatment with brace or surgery. Eur Spine J 2001;10:278-88.

33. De Mauroy J. La scoliose. Traitement orthopediques conservateur. Sauramps Médical ed. Monpellier, 1996.

34. Dickson RA, Lawton JO, Archer IA, et al. The pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis. Biplanar spinal asymmetry. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1984;66:8-15.

35. Dickson RA, Weinstein SL. Bracing (and screening)--yes or no? J Bone Joint Surg Br 1999;81:193-8.

36. Digiovanni BF, Scoles PV, Latimer BM. Anterior extension of the thoracic vertebral bodies in Scheuermann's kyphosis. An anatomic study. Spine 1989;14:712-6.

37. DiRocco P. Cardiopulmonary effects of scoliosis. Am Correct Ther J 1981;35:38-40.

38. DiRocco PJ, Breed AL, Carlin JI, et al. Physical work capacity in adolescent patients with mild idiopathic scoliosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1983;64:476-8.

39. DiRocco PJ, Vaccaro P. Cardiopulmonary functioning in adolescent patients with mild idiopathic scoliosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1988;69:198-201.

40. Dobosiewicz K, Durmala J, Czernicki K, et al. Pathomechanic basics of conservative treatment of progressive idiopathic scoliosis according to Dobosiewicz method based upon radiologic evaluation. Stud Health Technol Inform 2002;91:336-41.

41. Dobosiewicz K, Durmala J, Jendrzejek H, et al. Influence of method of asymmetric trunk mobilization on shaping of a physiological thoracic kyphosis in children and youth suffering from progressive idiopathic scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform 2002;91:348-51.

42. Dubousset J. Scoliosis and its pathophysiology: do we understand it? Spine 2001;26:1001.

43. Durmala J, Dobosiewicz K, Jendrzejek H, et al. Exercise efficiency of girls with idiopathic scoliosis based on the ventilatory anaerobic threshold. Stud Health Technol Inform 2002;91:357-60.

44. Duval-Beaupere G, Lespargot A, Grossiord A. Flexibility of scoliosis. What does it mean? Is this terminology appropriate? Spine 1985;10:428-32.

45. Edgar MA, Mehta MH. Long-term follow-up of fused and unfused idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1988;70:712-6.

46. Fallstrom K, Cochran T, Nachemson A. Long-term effects on personality development in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Influence of type of treatment. Spine 1986;11:756-8.

47. Ferraro C. Approccio riabilitativo all'ipercifosi: l'esperienza italiana. In Negrini S, Sibilla P eds. Le deformità vertebrali: stato dell'arte. Vigevano: Gruppo di Studio della Scoliosi, 2002:143-9.

48. Flor H. Cortical reorganisation and chronic pain: implications for rehabilitation. J Rehabil Med 2003:66-72.

49. Freidel K, Petermann F, Reichel D, et al. Quality of life in women with idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 2002;27:E87-91.

50. Gavin TM, Shurr D, Patwardhan A. Orthotic treatment of spinal disorders. In Press R ed. The Pediatric Spine. Principles and practice., 1994:1795-828.

51. Gepstein R, Leitner Y, Zohar E, et al. Effectiveness of the Charleston bending brace in the treatment of single-curve idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop 2002;22:84-7.

52. Glassman SD, Bridwell K, Dimar JR, et al. The impact of positive sagittal balance in adult spinal deformity. Spine 2005;30:2024-9.

53. Goldberg CJ, Moore DP, Fogarty EE, et al. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: the effect of brace treatment on the incidence of surgery. Spine 2001;26:42-7.

54. Graf H. La derotation de la colonne vertebrale est le principale objectif du traitement. 1st International Symposium on 3-D Scoliotic Deformities. Montréal: Gustav Fisher Verlag, 1992:356-8.

55. Gramse RR, Sinaki M, Ilstrup DM. Lumbar spondylolisthesis: a rational approach to conservative treatment. Mayo Clin Proc 1980;55:681-6.

56. Grosso C, Negrini S, Boniolo A, et al. The validity of clinical examination in adolescent spinal deformities. Stud Health Technol Inform 2002;91:123-5.

57. Guigui P, Rillardon L. [Adult spinal deformities]. Rev Prat 2006;56:701-8.

58. Guo X, Chau WW, Hui-Chan CW, et al. Balance control in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis and disturbed somatosensory function. Spine 2006;31:E437-40.

59. Hawes M. Impact of spine surgery on signs and symptoms of spinal deformity. Pediatr Rehabil 2006;9:318-39.

60. Hawes MC. Health and function of patients with untreated idiopathic scoliosis. Jama 2003;289:2644; author reply -5.

61. Hawes MC. Scoliosis and the human spine. Second Edition ed. Tucson, Arizona, USA: West Press, 2003.

62. Hawes MC. The use of exercises in the treatment of scoliosis: an evidence-based critical review of the literature. Pediatr Rehabil 2003;6:171-82.

63. Hawes MC, O'Brien J P. The transformation of spinal curvature into spinal deformity: pathological processes and implications for treatment. Scoliosis 2006;1:3.

64. Henatsch HD, Langer HH. Basic neurophysiology of motor skills in sport: a review. Int J Sports Med 1985;6:2-14.

65. Herman R, Mixon J, Fisher A, et al. Idiopathic scoliosis and the central nervous system. Spine 1985;10:1-14.

66. Ioffe ME. Brain mechanisms for the formation of new movements during learning: the evolution of classical concepts. Neurosci Behav Physiol 2004;34:5-18.

67. Kearon C, Viviani G, Kirkley A, et al. Factors determining pulmonary function in adolescent idiopathic thoracic scoliosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;2:288-94.

68. Keller TS, Colloca CJ, Harrison DE, et al. Muscular contributions to dynamic dorsoventral lumbar spine stiffness. Eur Spine J 2007;16:245-54.

69. Kesten S, Garfinker S, Wright T, et al. Impaired movement capacity in adults with moderate scoliosis. Cheast 1991;3:663-6.

70. Kostuik JP, Bentivoglio J. The incidence of low-back pain in adult scoliosis. Spine 1981;6:268-73.

71. Landauer F, Wimmer C, Behensky H. Estimating the final outcome of brace treatment for idiopathic thoracic scoliosis at 6-month follow-up. Pediatr Rehabil 2003;6:201-7.

72. Lenssinck ML, Frijlink AC, Berger MY, et al. Effect of bracing and other conservative interventions in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents: a systematic review of clinical trials. Phys Ther 2005;85:1329-39.

73. Lindstrom J, Friberg S, Lindstrom L, et al. Postural control in scoliotic patients and their siblings. Spine 1988;10:1070-4.

74. Lonstein JE. Scoliosis: surgical versus nonsurgical treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006;443:248-59.

75. Lonstein JE. Spondylolisthesis in children. Cause, natural history, and management. Spine 1999;24:2640-8.

76. Lowe TG. Scheuermann disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990;72:940-5.

77. Lupparelli S, Pola E, Pitta L, et al. Biomechanical factors affecting progression of structural scoliotic curves of the spine. Stud Health Technol Inform 2002;91:81-5.

78. Mac-Thiong JM, Petit Y, Aubin CE, et al. Biomechanical evaluation of the Boston brace system for the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: relationship between strap tension and brace interface forces. Spine 2004;29:26-32.

79. Mallau S, Bollini G, Jouve JL, et al. Locomotor skills and balance strategies in adolescents idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 2007;32:E14-22.

80. Mammano S, Scapinelli R. Plaster casts for the correction of idiopathic scoliosis. Acta Orthop Belg 1992;58 Suppl 1:81-4.

81. Matsunaga S, Hayashi K, Naruo T, et al. Psychologic management of brace therapy for patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 2005;30:547-50.

82. McLean IP, Gillan MG, Ross JC, et al. A comparison of methods for measuring trunk list. A simple plumbline is the best. Spine 1996;21:1667-70.

83. Mente PL, Aronsson DD, Stokes IA, et al. Mechanical modulation of growth for the correction of vertebral wedge deformities. J Orthop Res 1999;17:518-24.

84. Mente PL, Stokes IA, Spence H, et al. Progression of vertebral wedging in an asymmetrically loaded rat tail model. Spine 1997;22:1292-6.

85. Meyer C, Cammarata E, Haumont T, et al. Why do idiopathic scoliosis patients participate more in gymnastics? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2006;16:231-6.

86. Mirovsky Y, Blankstein A, Shlamkovitch N. Postural control in patients with severe idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective study. J Pediatr Orthop B 2006;15:168-71.

87. Miyasaki RA. Immediate influence of the thoracic flexion exercise on vertebral position in Milwaukee brace wearers. Phys Ther 1980;60:1005-9.

88. Moe JH. Indications for Milwaukee brace non-operative treatment in idiopathic scoliosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1973:38-43.

89. Mollon G. Kinesitérapie des scolioses. Encycl. Med. Chir 26300.A.10 4.6.07.

90. Mollon G, Ollier M, Rodot J. Deviazioni antero-posteriori del rachide: sviluppo della forza muscolare e rieducazione posturale. Enciclopedie Medico-Chirurgicale:26310 a 10.

91. Mollon G, Rodot J. Scolioses structurales mineures et kinèsitherapie. Etude statistique compareative des rèsultas. Kinesithérapie scientifique 1986:47-56.

92. Monticone M, Carabalona R, Negrini S. Reliability of the Scoliosis Research Society-22 Patient Questionnaire (Italian version) in mild adolescent vertebral deformities. Eura Medicophys 2004;40:191-7.

93. Nachemson A. Adult scoliosis and back pain. Spine 1979;4:513-7.

94. Nachemson A, Sahlstrand T. Etiologic factors in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 1977;1:176-84.

95. Nachemson AL, Peterson LE. Effectiveness of treatment with a brace in girls who have adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A prospective, controlled study based on data from the Brace Study of the Scoliosis Research Society. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995;77:815-22.

96. Negrini A. Analisi non-ionizzante di pazienti affetti da deformità spinali. Caratterizzazione dei dati e affidabilità parametrica. Laurea in Ingegneria Elettronica, Bioingegneria. Milano: Politecnico di Milano, 1994.

97. Negrini A. Il rafforzamento muscolare in soggetti portatori di dismorfismi vertebrali. La ginnastica medica 1987;1-2:58-60.

98. Negrini A, Negrini S. Three-dimensional easy morpholgical (3-DEMO) classification of scoliosis-Part II: repeatability. Scoliosis (submitted) 2006.

99. Negrini A, Negrini S. The three-dimensional easy morphological (3-DEMO) classification of scoliosis, part II: repeatability. Scoliosis 2006;1:23.

100. Negrini A, Negrini S, Romano M, et al. A blind radiographic controlled study on the efficacy of Active Self-Correction according to SEAS.02. In Kotwicki T ed. 3rd International Conference on Conservative Management of Spinal Deformities. Poznan (Poland): SOSORT (Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment), 2006.

101. Negrini A, Sibilla P, Negrini S. La cinesiterapia nel trattamento della scoliosi: nuovi orientamenti metodologici. Riabilitazione oggi 1992;9:11-5.

102. Negrini A, Verzini N. La scoliose, les données de la recherche et leur indications thérapeutiques. Journées Groupe Kinésithérapeutique de Travail sur la Scoliose. Louvain (Belgique): Groupe Kinésithérapeutique de Travail sur la Scoliose, 1989.

103. Negrini A, Verzini N, Parzini S, et al. Il trattamento cinesiterapico della scoliosi e della cifosi dell'adolescenza. In Negrini S, Rainero G eds. Rachide & Riabilitazione 2002. Vigevano: Gruppo di Studio della scoliosi, 2002:129 -41.

104. Negrini S. Efficacia correttiva del trattamento con ortesi in delordosi tipo Sibilla nella spondilolistesi in età evolutiva: studio prospettico. In Costanzo G ed. SIRER-SIGM Combined Meeting. Roma, 2006.

105. Negrini S, Antonini G, Carabalona R, et al. Physical exercises as a treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A systematic review. Pediatr Rehabil 2003;6:227-35.

106. Negrini S, Aulisa L, Ferraro C, et al. Italian guidelines on rehabilitation treatment of adolescents with scoliosis or other spinal deformities. Eura Medicophys 2005;41:183-201.

107. Negrini S, Carabalona R. Social acceptability of treatments for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a cross-sectional study. Scoliosis 2006;1:14.

108. Negrini S, Grivas T, Kotwicki T, et al. Why we treat adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? What we want to obtain and to avoid for our patients. SOSORT 2005 Consensus Paper – Topic 3 [Study group On Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment (SOSORT)]. 14 January 2005, 2005. Available at: http://www.isico.it. Accessed 15 November 2005, 2005.

109. Negrini S, Grivas TB, Kotwicki T, et al. Why do we treat adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? What we want to obtain and to avoid for our patients. SOSORT 2005 Consensus paper. Scoliosis 2006;1:4.

110. Negrini S, Marchini G. Efficacy of the Symmetric, Patient-oriented, Rigid, Three-dimensional, active (SPoRT) concept of bracing for scoliosis: a prospective study of the Sforzesco versus Lyon brace. Eura Medicophys 2006.

111. Negrini S, Marchini G, Tomaello L. Efficacy of the Symmetric, Patient-oriented, Rigid, Three-Dimensional (SPoRT) concept of bracing for scoliosis: a pair-controlled retrospettive short-term study on the Sforzesco Brace. In SOSORT rICoCMosDaSMot ed. Poznan, Poland, 2006.

112. Negrini S, Marchini G, Tomaello L. The Sforzesco brace and SPoRT concept (Symmetric, Patient-oriented, Rigid, Three-dimensional) versus the Lyon brace and 3-point systems for bracing idiopathic scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform 2006;123:245-9.

113. Negrini S, Monticone M, Paroli C. Efficacy of antilordotic TLSO braces to reduce spondylolisthesis in adolescents: preliminary results from a clinical retrospective study. In Rigo M ed. 1st International Conference on Conservative Management of Spinal Deformities. Barcelona: SOSORT (Study Group on Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treament), 2004.

114. Negrini S, Negrini A. The three-dimensional easy morphological (3-DEMO) classification of scoliosis - Part III, correlation with clinical classification and parameters. Scoliosis 2007;2:5.

115. Negrini S, Negrini A, Atanasio S, et al. Postural variability of clinical parameters evaluated in orthostatic position in idiopathic scoliosis. Eura Medicophys 2001;37:135-42.

116. Negrini S, Negrini A, Atanasio S, et al. Three-dimensional easy morphological (3-DEMO) classification of scoliosis. Part I. Scoliosis (submitted) 2006.

117. Negrini S, Negrini A, Rainero G, et al. Correlation Between Trunk Gibbosity and the Spinal Torsion Measured by the AUSCAN System. In D'Amico M, Merolli A, Santambrogio GC eds. Three Dimensional Analysis of Spinal Deformities. Amsterdam: IOS Press - Ohmsha, 1995:279-83.

118. Negrini S, Negrini A, Romano M, et al. A controlled prospective study on the efficacy of SEAS.02 exercises in preparation to bracing for idiopathic scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform 2006;123:519-22.

119. Negrini S, Negrini A, Romano M, et al. A controlled prospective study on the efficacy of SEAS.02 exercises in preventing progression and bracing in mild idiopathic scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform 2006;123:523-6.

120. Negrini S, Negrini A, Santambrogio GC, et al. Relation Between Static Angles of the Spine and a Dynamic Event Like Posture: Approach to the Problem. In D'Amico M, Merolli A, Santambrogio GC eds. Three Dimensional Analysis of Spinal Deformities. Amsterdam: IOS Press - Ohmsha, 1995:209-14.

121. Negrini S, Negrini A, Sibilla P. Reeducation of the scoliotic patient. 2nd meeting of the International Society for the Study and Research on the Spine. (SIRER). Barcelona (ESP) Lyon (F), 1996:68-71.

122. Negrini S, Romano M. On "effect of bracing..." Lenssinck et al Phys Ther 2005;85:1329-1339. Phys Ther 2007;87:112; author reply -3.

123. Negrini S, Sibilla P. Efficacy of antilordotic TLSO braces to reduce spondylolisthesis in adolescents: a clinical retrospective study. Scoliosis Research Society Annual Meeting. Vancouver: Scoliosis Research Society, 2001.

124. Negrini S, Zaina F, Negrini F, et al. Sforzesco brace (SPoRT Concept) versus Risser cast in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis treatment: similar efficacy, with reduced spinal side effects for the brace. In O'Brien JP, Hawes MC eds. 4th International Conference on Conservative Management of Spinal Deformities. Boston: SOSORT (Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment), 2007.

125. Newman PH. Spondylolisthesis. Physiotherapy 1974;60:14-6.

126. Newman PH. Spondylolisthesis, its cause and effect. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1955;16:305-23.

127. Ostelo RW, van Tulder MW, Vlaeyen JW, et al. Behavioural treatment for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005:CD002014.

128. O'Sullivan PB, Phyty GD, Twomey LT, et al. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine 1997;22:2959-67.

129. Otman S, Kose N, Yakut Y. The efficacy of Schroth s 3-dimensional exercise therapy in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Turkey. Saudi Med J 2005;26:1429-35.

130. Parsch D, Gartner V, Brocai DR, et al. Sports activity of patients with idiopathic scoliosis at long-term follow-up. Clin J Sport Med 2002;12:95-8.

131. Perdriolle R. La scoliose. Son ètude tridimensionelle. Maloine Edieur, Paris 1979.

132. Pivetta S, Pivetta M. Tecnica della ginnastica medica. Cifosi-Lordosi-Arti inferioried. Milano: Edi-Ermes, 1998.

133. Pizzutillo PD, Hummer CD, 3rd. Nonoperative treatment for painful adolescent spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. J Pediatr Orthop 1989;9:538-40.

134. Rigo M, Negrini S, Weiss H, et al. 'SOSORT consensus paper on brace action: TLSO biomechanics of correction (investigating the rationale for force vector selection)'. Scoliosis 2006;1:11.

135. Risser JC. Scoliosis treated by cast correction and spine fusion. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1976:86-94.

136. Romano M, Carabalona R, Petrilli S, et al. Forces exerted during exercises by patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis wearing fiberglass braces. Scoliosis 2006;1:12.

137. Romano M, Gerosa L, Ferrari E, et al. Functional evaluation for idiopathic scoliosis: comparison with a normal control group. In Rigo M ed. 1st International Conference on Conservative Management of Spinal Deformities. Barcelona: SOSORT (Study group on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment), 2004.

138. Romano M, Tavernaro M, Negrini S, et al. Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis and his correlation with balance function. Can we improve them with physical exercises? In Kotwicki T ed. 3rd International Conference on Conservative Management of Spinal Deformities. Poznan (Poland): SOSORT (Society on Scoliosis Orthopedic and Rehabilitation Treatment), 2006.

139. Romano M, Zaina F. Is there a relationship between the results of Unterberger test and convexity of scoliosis major curve? In O'Brien JP, Hawes MC eds. 4th International Conference on Conservative Management of Spinal Deformities. Boston: SOSORT (Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment), 2007.

140. Romano M, Zaina F, Negrini S. Efficacia del trattamento con esercizi SEAS.02 nel trattamento della cifosi in età adolescenziale: studio prospettico controllato. In Costanzo G ed. SIRER-SIGM Combined Meeting. Roma, 2006.

141. Sackett DL, Rosenberg WM. The need for evidence-based medicine. J R Soc Med 1995;88:620-4.

142. Schwab F, el-Fegoun AB, Gamez L, et al. A lumbar classification of scoliosis in the adult patient: preliminary approach. Spine 2005;30:1670-3.

143. Scoles PV, Latimer BM, DigIovanni BF, et al. Vertebral alterations in Scheuermann's kyphosis. Spine 1991;16:509-15.

144. Sibilla P. Il trattamento conservativo attivo della scoliosi idiopatica in Italia. In Negrini S, Sibilla P eds. Le deformità vertebrali: stato dell'arte. Vigevano: Gruppo di Studio Scoliosi e patologie vertebrali, 2001:20-41.

145. Sibilla P. Trent'anni di scoliosi. Lezione "non" magistrale. In Negrini S, Rainero G eds. Rachide & Riabilitazione 2002. Vigevano: Gruppo di Studio Scoliosi e patologie vertebrali, 2002:73-92.

146. Sibilla P, Cesarani A, Alpini D, et al. Otoneurologia della scoliosi idiopatica nell'età evolutiva. Minerva Ortop Traumatol 1993;44:697-9.

147. Sibilla P, Frassi A, Massimini M. Il corsetto di Maguelone. 5 Congresso del Gruppo Italiano Scoliosi: GIS, 1982.

148. Simmons ED, Jr., Kowalski JM, Simmons EH. The results of surgical treatment for adult scoliosis. Spine 1993;18:718-24.

149. SRS. Scoliosis Reseach Society. Definition of scoliosis term, 2004. Available at: http://www.srs.org/patient/glossary.asp. Accessed April, 27, 2004.

150. Stagnara P. Le deformità del rachide. ed.Oriens, Roma 1988.

151. Stagnara P. Les deviations laterales du rachis: scolioses structurales. Enc Med Chir, 15865 G 10 e 20, 1974

152. Stagnara P, Mollon G, De Mauroy J. Reeducation des scolioses ed. Paris: Expansion Scientifique Francaise, 1990.

153. Stevens VK, Vleeming A, Bouche KG, et al. Electromyographic activity of trunk and hip muscles during stabilization exercises in four-point kneeling in healthy volunteers. Eur Spine J 2006.

154. Stokes I, Gardner-Morse M. The role of muscles and effects of load on growth. Stud Health Technol Inform 2002;91:314-7.

155. Stokes IA. Three-dimensional terminology of spinal deformity. A report presented to the Scoliosis Research Society by the Scoliosis Research Society Working Group on 3-D terminology of spinal deformity. Spine 1994;19:236-48.

156. Stokes IA, Aronsson DD, Spence H, et al. Mechanical modulation of intervertebral disc thickness in growing rat tails. J Spinal Disord 1998;11:261-5.

157. Stokes IA, Bigalow LC, Moreland MS. Three-dimensional spinal curvature in idiopathic scoliosis. J Orthop Res 1987;5:102-13.

158. Stokes IA, Burwell RG, Dangerfield PH. Biomechanical spinal growth modulation and progressive adolescent scoliosis - a test of the 'vicious cycle' pathogenetic hypothesis: Summary of an electronic focus group debate of the IBSE. Scoliosis 2006;1:16.

159. Stokes IA, Spence H, Aronsson DD, et al. Mechanical modulation of vertebral body growth. Implications for scoliosis progression. Spine 1996;21:1162-7.

160. Stucki G, Grimby G. Applying the ICF in medicine. J Rehabil Med 2004:5-6.

161. Taillard W. [Spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents.]. Acta Orthop Scand 1954;24:115-44.

162. Taillard W, Lagier R. [Pseudospondylolisthesis and chondrocalcinosis]. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 1977;63:149-56.

163. Thibault D. La scoliose idiopathique, corsets et rééducation. Kinesithérapie scientifique 1991:21-7.

164. Torell G, Nachemson A, Haderspeck-Grib K, et al. Standing and supine Cobb measures in girls with idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 1985;10:425-7.

165. Turner JA, Holtzman S, Mancl L. Mediators, moderators, and predictors of therapeutic change in cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain. Pain 2007;127:276-86.

166. Uden A, Willner S. The effect of lumbar flexion and Boston Thoracic Brace on the curves in idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 1983;8:846-50.

167. van Geen JW, Edelaar MJ, Janssen M, et al. The long-term effect of multidisciplinary back training: a systematic review. Spine 2007;32:249-55.

168. Walsh DA, Radcliffe JC. Pain beliefs and perceived physical disability of patients with chronic low back pain. Pain 2002;97:23-31.

169. Weinstein SL. Natural history. Spine 1999;24:2592-600.

170. Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Spratt KF, et al. Health and function of patients with untreated idiopathic scoliosis: a 50-year natural history study. Jama 2003;289:559-67.

171. Weiss HR. Measurement of vertebral rotation: Perdriolle versus Raimondi. Eur Spine J 1995;4:34-8.

172. Weiss HR. Rehabilitation of adolescent patients with scoliosis--what do we know? A review of the literature. Pediatr Rehabil 2003;6:183-94.

173. Weiss HR, Dallmayer R. Brace treatment of spinal claudication in an adolescent with a grade IV spondylosisthesis--a case report. Stud Health Technol Inform 2006;123:590-3.

174. Weiss HR, Hawes MC. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, bracing and the Hueter-Volkmann principle. Spine J 2004;4:484-5; author reply 5-6.

175. Weiss HR, Hollaender M, Klein R. ADL based scoliosis rehabilitation--the key to an improvement of time-efficiency? Stud Health Technol Inform 2006;123:594-8.

176. Weiss HR, Klein R. Improving excellence in scoliosis rehabilitation: a controlled study of matched pairs. Pediatr Rehabil 2006;9:190-200.

177. Weiss HR, Negrini S, Hawes MC, et al. Physical exercises in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis at risk of brace treatment - SOSORT consensus paper 2005. Scoliosis 2006;1:6.

178. Weiss HR, Negrini S, Rigo M, et al. Physical Exercises in the Treatment of Idiopathic Scoliosis. SOSORT 2005 Consensus Paper – Topic 1 [Study group On Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment (SOSORT)]. 14 January 2005, 2005. Available at: http://www.isico.it. Accessed 15 November 2005, 2005.

179. Weiss HR, Negrini S, Rigo M, et al. Indications for conservative management of scoliosis (guidelines). Scoliosis 2006;1:5.

180. Weiss HR, Weiss G. Curvature progression in patients treated with scoliosis in-patient rehabilitation--a sex and age matched controlled study. Stud Health Technol Inform 2002;91:352-6.

181. Weiss HR, Weiss G, Petermann F. Incidence of curvature progression in idiopathic scoliosis patients treated with scoliosis in-patient rehabilitation (SIR): an age- and sex-matched controlled study. Pediatr Rehabil 2003;6:23-30.

182. Wenger DR, Frick SL. Scheuermann kyphosis. Spine 1999;24:2630-9.

183. White E, Panjabi A. Human kinematics. Spine 1978;3:12-20.

184. Wiley JW, Thomson JD, Mitchell TM, et al. Effectiveness of the boston brace in treatment of large curves in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 2000;25:2326-32.

185. Wiltse LL. Etiology of spondylolisthesis. Clin Orthop 1957;10:48-60.

186. Wiltse LL. The etiology of spondylolisthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1962;44-A:539-60.

187. Wiltse LL, Newman PH, Macnab I. Classification of spondylolisis and spondylolisthesis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1976:23-9.

188. Wiltse LL, Winter RB. Terminology and measurement of spondylolisthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1983;65:768-72.

189. Winter RB, Lonstein JE. To brace or not to brace: the true value of school screening. Spine 1997;22:1283-4.

190. Wong MS, Mak AF, Luk KD, et al. Effectiveness and biomechanics of spinal orthoses in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Prosthet Orthot Int 2000;24:148-62.

191. Wynarsky G, Schultz A. Trunk muscle activities in braced scoliosis patients. Spine 1989;12:1283-86.

192. Wynne-Davies R, Scott JH. Inheritance and spondylolisthesis: a radiographic family survey. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1979;61-B:301-5.

193. Zaina F, Negrini S, Monticone M, et al. TRACE (Trunk Aesthetic Clinical Evaluation), a new everyday clinical tool to assess adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients aesthetics. In O'Brien JP, Hawes MC eds. 4th International Conference on Conservative Management of Spinal Deformities. Boston: SOSORT (Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment), 2007.

194. Zaina F, Negrini S, Monticone M, et al. Repeatability of the Aesthetic Index for adolescent scoliosis idiopathic evaluation. In O'Brien JP, Hawes MC eds. 4th International Conference on Conservative Management of Spinal Deformities. Boston: SOSORT (Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment), 2007.

195. Zaina F, Negrini S, Romano M, et al. Repeatability of different methods to collect in everyday clinics the sagittal profile of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. In O'Brien JP, Hawes MC eds. 4th International Conference on Conservative Management of Spinal Deformities. Boston: SOSORT (Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment), 2007.

Summary

Cap. 7

Cap. 9